Implementation of the preventive vaccination program in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic - single center study.

INTRODUCTION: In addition to many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, the COVID-19 pandemic also limited prophylaxis, including the implementation of the vaccination program among children. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the implementation of the vaccination program in the area covered by the care of patients of a selected Primary Health Care clinic in the city of Krakow in the field of selected vaccinations during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study based on secondary data was conducted in a selected clinic (Kraków, Poland) that cares for 1,982 children aged 0-19 years. An analysis of the vaccination coverage in selected groups of children in 2019, 2020 and 2021 was carried out based on annual reports (MZ-54). Vaccination coverage against: diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, measles, mumps, rubella, influenza and pneumococcal infection was analyzed. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi2 test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: In the general vaccination status of two-year-olds, no significant differences were observed in the period 2019-2021 (p=0.156). The percentage of fully vaccinated increased from 77.6% in 2019, to 81.5% in 2020 and to 85.2% in 2021. However, a high rate of vaccination refusals was observed in 2021 (4.1%) in this group. The percentage of 2-year-olds vaccinated against pneumococci (PCV) and 3-year-olds against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTP), and measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) in the years 2019-2021 was increasing. For DTP and MMR, this increase was significant (p<0.05). In the group of older children, in 2020 the percentage of 7- and 15-year-olds vaccinated decreased compared to 2019 and 2021, but the difference was insignificant (p>0.05). A significant difference in vaccination coverage was observed in the group of 19-year-olds, in which in 2020 the percentage of vaccinated was 58% (in 2019 - 74.6%, in 2021 - 81%). The largest number of children under the age of 5 were vaccinated against influenza in 2021, but it was only less than 2% of this group. CONCLUSIONS: Sanitary restrictions introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly affect the vaccination status of children in selected age groups against the analyzed vaccine-preventable diseases. The exception is the group of 19-year-olds, whose vaccination coverage in 2020 was much lower than in 2019 and 2021. In addition, an increase in refusals of vaccination was observed, reaching 4.1% in 2021 in the group of the youngest patients.

Changes in vaccination administration in Japan.

This paper reviews the administration related to vaccination in Japan after the enactment of the Immunization Act in 1948, under which vaccination was implemented mandatory for the public. To enhance the effectiveness of vaccination activities, the government implemented group vaccination, which is convenient for vaccinating recipients all at once. In 1976, Japan established the relief system for health damage after vaccination. While some projects, such as the mass administration of live oral polio vaccine in 1961, achieved excellent results, incidents leading to health damage occurred, such as the diphtheria toxoid immunization incident (1948) and frequent occurrence of aseptic meningitis owing to the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (1989). In December 1992, the Tokyo High Court sentenced that the onset of health damage after vaccination could be attributed to the negligence of the national government. In the revision of the Immunization Act in 1994, the "mandatory vaccination" enforced until then was changed to "recommended vaccination." The Act was also changed to recommend "individual vaccination" in principle, which is performed after primary care physicians investigate the physical condition of individual recipients and carefully conduct preliminary examination. For approximately 20 years from the 1990s, a vaccine gap existed between Japan and other countries. From around 2010, efforts have been made to bridge this gap and establish the global standard in vaccination.

Modeling and leveraging intuitive theories to improve vaccine attitudes.

Much of the richness of human thought is supported by people's intuitive theories-mental frameworks capturing the perceived structure of the world. But intuitive theories can also contain and reinforce dangerous misconceptions. In this paper, we take up the case of misconceptions about vaccine safety that discourages vaccination. These misconceptions constitute a major public health risk that predates the coronavirus pandemic but that has become all the more dire in recent years. We argue that addressing such misconceptions requires awareness of the broader conceptual contexts in which they are embedded. To build this understanding, we examined the structure and revision of people's intuitive theories of vaccination in five large survey studies (total N = 3,196). Based on these data, we present a cognitive model of the intuitive theory surrounding people's decisions about whether to vaccinate young children against diseases like measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). Using this model, we were able to make accurate predictions about how people's beliefs would be revised in light of educational interventions, design an effective new intervention encouraging vaccination, and understand how these beliefs were affected by real-world events (the measles outbreaks of 2019). In addition to presenting a promising way forward for promoting the MMR vaccine, this approach has clear implications for encouraging the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines, especially among parents of young children. At the same time, this work provides the foundation for richer understandings of intuitive theories and belief revision more broadly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Mumps in Poland in 2020.

INTRODUCTION: Mumps is an acute, generalized viral disease whose source of infection is the infected person. In 2003, vaccination against mumps became compulsory in Poland, performed according to a twodose scheme. The combined MMR vaccine (against measles, mumps and rubella) was introduced as part of the Protective Vaccination Program (PVP), which influenced the number of cases in Poland. AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the epidemiological indicators of mumps in Poland in 2020 compared to previous years. METHODS: The analysis of the epidemiological situation of mumps in Poland in 2020 was based on the interpretation of data from the bulletin "Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2020" and "Vaccinations in Poland in 2020". RESULTS: In 2020, 582 cases of mumps were registered in Poland. The total incidence was 1.5 per 100,000 inhabitants and was lower compared to 2019. The highest incidence was 2.0 per 100,000 inhabitants were registered in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship and the lowest - 0.7 in the Dolnoslaskie Voivodeship. The highest incidence (24.6/100,000) was recorded in children aged 5-9 years. The incidence of men (1.8/100,000) was higher than that of women (1.2/100,000). In 2020, 6 patients were hospitalized in Poland due to mumps, which was less than in 2019 (22 patients). The level of vaccination against mumps in children aged 3 was lower by 0.7 percentage points compared to 2019 and amounted to 91.9% across Poland. CONCLUSIONS: In 2020, there was a decrease in the number of mumps cases compared to the previous year. The lower incidence may have been the result of a reduction in mumps virus transmission due to a change in population health behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the epidemiological threat, the functioning of nurseries, kindergartens and schools was also temporarily suspended, which resulted in a reduction in the incidence of mumps in younger age groups, which are the main group of patients.

[Quality analysis of a combined domestic vaccine for the prevention of measles, rubella and mumps].

INTRODUCTION: The need to maintain a high level of vaccination coverage against measles, rubella and mumps in conditions of an increased risk of outbreaks of infections due to violations of vaccination tactics associated with the pandemic of coronavirus infection and due to the unfavorable epidemic situation in neighboring countries determines the advisability of using a combined vaccine for the simultaneous prevention of these three socially significant infections. THE AIM OF THE STUDY: to analyze the quality of commercial series of a new domestic combined cultured live vaccine against measles, rubella and mumps (MRM) throughout the entire time of its manufacturing according to all specification indicators in regulatory documentation (RD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The object of the study was the combined cultured live vaccine against measles, rubella and mumps. The analysis of the quality of the drug was carried out according to 86 consolidated production protocols of manufactured series, as well as according to the results of control of these series in the Testing Center for Quality Expertise of the Federal State Budgetary Institution NCESMP of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. RESULTS: It is shown that the quality of the combined drug for the prevention of measles, rubella and mumps corresponds to the RD in all studied indicators. The drug does not contain an antibiotic. Bovine serum albumin, which is a technological impurity, is detected in quantities more than 5 times lower than the established norm. A comparison of the specific activity of the viral components of new combined domestic vaccine and the components of the bivalent vaccine against measles and mumps produced by the company in 20192021 showed that the spread of the activity values of the viral components in the new drug and in the series of mumps-measles vaccine was minimal, which allowed us to make a conclusion about the stability of the production technology. CONCLUSION: The quality of the new domestic combined vaccine for the prevention of measles, rubella and mumps meets WHO requirements. The results of the conducted studies indicate the stability of production and the standard quality of the drug. The use of a combined vaccine against three significant infections will ensure the necessary level of vaccination coverage in the population. Information about the results of studies can help reduce the number of vaccination refusal.

Family Physicians Can/Should Do: What? Where? And How?

This issue's teasers: A broad scope of care by family physicians could be incentivized and has positive outcomes. Family physicians could do more dermoscopy-a mixed specialty group of experts provide information on diagnosis with associated features and proficiency standards for primary care clinicians. Clinicians could trust more, and do less, such as adult measles-mumps-rubella boosters. Family physicians differ from pediatricians on how to deliver vitamin D to newborns. Practice scope varies by location. Is monetary incentive a key to incentivize COVID vaccination? A new, useful, easy functional status questionnaire. This issue also includes articles on both adult and pediatric obesity, a systematic review of social determinants of health and documentation thereof, plus more.

Emerging Methods in Biosensing of Immunoglobin G-A Review.

Human antibodies are produced due to the activation of immune system components upon exposure to an external agent or antigen. Human antibody G, or immunoglobin G (IgG), accounts for 75% of total serum antibody content. IgG controls several infections by eradicating disease-causing pathogens from the body through complementary interactions with toxins. Additionally, IgG is an important diagnostic tool for certain pathological conditions, such as autoimmune hepatitis, hepatitis B virus (HBV), chickenpox and MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella), and coronavirus-induced disease 19 (COVID-19). As an important biomarker, IgG has sparked interest in conducting research to produce robust, sensitive, selective, and economical biosensors for its detection. To date, researchers have used different strategies and explored various materials from macro- to nanoscale to be used in IgG biosensing. In this review, emerging biosensors for IgG detection have been reviewed along with their detection limits, especially electrochemical biosensors that, when coupled with nanomaterials, can help to achieve the characteristics of a reliable IgG biosensor. Furthermore, this review can assist scientists in developing strategies for future research not only for IgG biosensors but also for the development of other biosensing systems for diverse targets.

Impact of national COVID-19 restrictions on incidence of notifiable communicable diseases in England: an interrupted time series analysis.

BACKGROUND: Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as travel restrictions, social distancing and isolation policies, aimed at controlling the spread of COVID-19 may have reduced transmission of other endemic communicable diseases, such as measles, mumps and meningitis in England. METHODS: An interrupted time series analysis was conducted to examine whether NPIs was associated with trends in endemic communicable diseases, using weekly reported cases of seven notifiable communicable diseases (food poisoning, measles, meningitis, mumps, scarlet fever and pertussis) between 02/01/2017 to 02/01/2021 for England. RESULTS: Following the introduction of COVID-19 restrictions, there was an 81.1% (95% CI; 77.2-84.4) adjusted percentage reduction in the total number of notifiable diseases recorded per week in England. The greatest decrease was observed for measles, with a 90.5% percentage reduction (95% CI; 86.8-93.1) from 42 to 5 cases per week. The smallest decrease was observed for food poisoning, with a 56.4% (95%CI; 42.5-54.2) decrease from 191 to 83 cases per week. CONCLUSIONS: A total reduction in the incidence of endemic notifiable diseases was observed in England following the implementation of public health measures aimed at reducing transmission of SARS-COV-2 on March 23, 2020. The greatest reductions were observed in diseases most frequently observed during childhood that are transmitted via close human-to-human contact, such as measles and pertussis. A less substantive reduction was observed in reported cases of food poisoning, likely due to dining services (i.e., home deliveries and takeaways) remaining open and providing a potential route of transmission. This study provides further evidence of the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical public health interventions in reducing the transmission of both respiratory and food-borne communicable diseases.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on timeliness and equity of measles, mumps and rubella vaccinations in North East London: a longitudinal study using electronic health records.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the timeliness of, and geographical and sociodemographic inequalities in, receipt of first measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination. DESIGN: Longitudinal study using primary care electronic health records. SETTING: 285 general practices in North East London. PARTICIPANTS: Children born between 23 August 2017 and 22 September 2018 (pre-pandemic cohort) or between 23 March 2019 and 1 May 2020 (pandemic cohort). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Receipt of timely MMR vaccination between 12 and 18 months of age. METHODS: We used logistic regression to estimate the ORs (95% CIs) of receipt of a timely vaccination adjusting for sex, deprivation, ethnic background and Clinical Commissioning Group. We plotted choropleth maps of the proportion receiving timely vaccinations. RESULTS: Timely MMR receipt fell by 4.0% (95% CI: 3.4% to 4.6%) from 79.2% (78.8% to 79.6%) to 75.2% (74.7% to 75.7%) in the pre-pandemic (n=33 226; 51.3% boys) and pandemic (n=32 446; 51.4%) cohorts, respectively. After adjustment, timely vaccination was less likely in the pandemic cohort (0.79; 0.76 to 0.82), children from black (0.70; 0.65 to 0.76), mixed/other (0.77; 0.72 to 0.82) or with missing (0.77; 0.74 to 0.81) ethnic background, and more likely in girls (1.07; 1.03 to 1.11) and those from South Asian backgrounds (1.39; 1.30 to 1.48). Children living in the least deprived areas were more likely to receive a timely MMR (2.09; 1.78 to 2.46) but there was no interaction between cohorts and deprivation (Wald statistic: 3.44; p=0.49). The proportion of neighbourhoods where less than 60% of children received timely vaccination increased from 7.5% to 12.7% during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a significant fall in timely MMR receipt and increased geographical clustering of measles susceptibility in an area of historically low and inequitable MMR coverage. Immediate action is needed to avert measles outbreaks and support primary care to deliver timely and equitable vaccinations.

Epidemiological features and risk factors for measles and rubella in Taiwan during 2011 to 2020.

The risk of geographic transmission of infectious diseases due to air travel varies greatly. Our aim is to survey empirical data that provide a retrospective historical perspective on measles and rubella. This study used the open data website provided by the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (TCDC) to extract the reported numbers of measles and rubella case between 2011 and 2020. There were 306 cases of measles and 135 cases of rubella. The incidence of measles and rubella per million population were 0 to 6.0 and 0 to 2.6, respectively. There was a gradual increase in the numbers of cases in those aged 20-39 years, and distinct duration patterns. It indicated that the risk of contracting rubella has significantly decreased in the last 5 years. Measles cases aged 20 to 39 years accounted for 72.5% of all cases. Rubella cases aged 20 to 39 years accounted for 59.3% of all cases. The male and residency in the Taipei metropolitan area or northern area were identified as potential risk factors for measles and rubella. Coverage with the first dose of the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine in Taiwan increased from 97.31% to 98.86%, and the uptake rate of the second dose of the MMR vaccine increased from 95.73% to 98.39% between 2010 and 2020. Furthermore, the numbers of imported cases of measles (n = 0) and rubella (n = 0) reported during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic were lower than those from 2011 to 2019. Measles and rubella cases were imported most frequently from Cambodia and Vietnam. This study represents the first report of confirmed cases of acquired measles and rubella from surveillance data of the TCDC between 2011 and 2020, also demonstrates that the numbers of cases of measles and rubella significantly decreased in Taiwan during the COVID-19 pandemic.

THE EFFECT OF THE MEASLES, MUMPS AND RUBELLA VACCINE ON INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES IN PERSONS RECEIVING A SARS-COV-2 mRNA VACCINE.A SUB-STUDY OF THE CROWN CORONATION TRIAL (preprint)

ABSTRACT Vaccination elicits a complex combination of immune responses. Immune memory formation is observed not only in the antibody responses of B-cells, but also in the T-cell response. Moreover, some live attenuated vaccines such as measles-containing vaccines can induces heterologous protection, likely through induction of memory characteristics in the innate immune response. Little is known about the immunological interaction that may occur when different vaccines are administered soon after one another, especially in relation to the novel COVID-19 vaccines. The aim of this study was to compare the innate and adaptive immune responses between persons randomized to receive either a MMR or a placebo (0.9% NaCl) injection prior to their SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. We compared: i) the cytokine and chemokine production (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-, interleukin [IL]-1{beta}, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-22, interferon [IFN]- and IFN-{gamma}) after in-vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with heterologous stimuli (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS-CoV]-2, measles mumps and rubella [MMR] vaccine, Toll-like receptor [TLR]-3 ligand, TLR-7/8 ligand, or TLR-4 ligand), and ii) the SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody responses. Ninety-five participants in the CROWN CORONATION trial (NCT04333732; a randomized control trial comparing MMR to placebo for prevention of COVID-19) agreed to an additional single blood sample collection for this immunological study. Samples were collected around 196 (SD 22) days after administration of MMR or placebo, and around 105 (SD 27) days after their second SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine injection. Twenty-four percent of participants were older than fifty and sixty-seven percent were female. The median TNF- response to stimulation with MMR was 8315.3 pg/mL in the MMR group and 4340.5 pg/mL in the placebo group; adjusted median difference (95% CI) 3012.5 (-4734.1; -323.5); p=0.017. No other significant differences were noted in the cytokine and chemokine responses between treatment groups. The SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay geometric mean (SD) IC50 in the MMR group was 507.6 (2.6) and in the placebo group was 515.7 (2.2); ratio of geometric means (95% CI) 1.0 (0.7; 1.5). Pre-exposure to MMR vaccine was generally not associated with changes in cytokine and chemokine responses of stimulated PBMCs at 105 (27) days after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. MMR vaccination led only to an increase of TNF- production in response to an additional ex-vivo stimulation with the MMR vaccine. The SARS-CoV-2 neutralization IC50 values did not differ between MMR and placebo groups. Further studies using a repeated measures design would be better suited to explore or rule-out any short-lived vaccine response and vaccine-vaccine immunological interaction.

Revisiting the potential role of BCG and MMR vaccines in COVID-19.

Despite the development and deployment of effective COVID-19 vaccines, many regions remain poorly covered. Seeking alternative tools for achieving immunity against COVID-19 remains to be of high importance. "Trained immunity" is the nonspecific immune response usually established through administering live attenuated vaccines and is a potential preventive tool against unrelated infections. Evidence regarding a possible protective role for certain live attenuated vaccines against COVID-19 has emerged mainly for those administered as part of childhood vaccination protocols. This review summarizes the relevant literature about the potential impact of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccines on COVID-19. Existing available data suggest a potential role for BCG and MMR in reducing COVID-19 casualties and burden. However, more investigation and comparative studies are required for a better understanding of their impact on COVID-19 outcomes.

Identifying immunity gaps for measles using Belgian serial serology data.

Vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles, have been re-emerging in countries with moderate to high vaccine uptake. It is increasingly important to identify and close immunity gaps and increase coverage of routine childhood vaccinations, including two doses of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR). Here, we present a simple cohort model relying on a Bayesian approach to evaluate the evolution of measles seroprevalence in Belgium using the three most recent cross-sectional serological survey data collections (2002, 2006 and 2013) and information regarding vaccine properties. We find measles seroprevalence profiles to be similar for the different regions in Belgium. These profiles exhibit a drop in seroprevalence in birth cohorts that were offered vaccination at suboptimal coverages in the first years after routine vaccination has been started up. This immunity gap is observed across all cross-sectional survey years, although it is more pronounced in survey year 2013. At present, the COVID-19 pandemic could negatively impact the immunization coverage worldwide, thereby increasing the need for additional immunization programs in groups of children that are impacted by this. Therefore, it is now even more important to identify existing immunity gaps and to sustain and reach vaccine-derived measles immunity goals.

Association Between Subnational Vaccine Coverage, Migration, and Incident Cases of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella in Iraq, 2001-2016.

OBJECTIVE: This analysis examines governorate-level disease incidence as well as the relationship between incidence and the number of persons of concern for three vaccine-preventable diseases-measles, mumps, and rubella-between 2001 and 2016. METHODS: Using Iraqi Ministry of Health and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) data, we performed descriptive analyses of disease incidence and conducted a pooled statistical analysis with a linear mixed effects regression model to examine the role of vaccine coverage and migration of persons of concern on subnational disease incidence. RESULTS: We found large variability in governorate-level incidence, particularly for measles (on the order of 100x). We identified decreases in incident measles cases per 100,000 persons for each additional percent vaccinated (0.82, 95% CI: [0.64, 1.00], p-value < 0.001) and for every additional 10,000 persons of concern when incorporating displacement into our model (0.26, 95% CI: [0.22, 0.30], p-value < 0.001). These relationships were insignificant for mumps and rubella. CONCLUSIONS: National level summary statistics do not adequately capture the high geospatial disparity in disease incidence between 2001 and 2016. This variability is complicated by MMR vaccine coverage and the migration of "persons of concern" (refugees) during conflict. We found that even when vaccine coverage was constant, measles incidence was higher in locations with more displaced persons, suggesting conflict fueled the epidemic in ways that vaccine coverage could not control.

Measles Vaccination and Outbreaks in Croatia from 2001 to 2019; A Comparative Study to Other European Countries.

Due to the current burden of COVID-19 on public health institutions, increased migration and seasonal touristic traveling, there is an increased risk of epidemic outbreaks of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR). The aim of the present study was to analyze the epidemiological data on MMR immunization coverage and the number of measles cases in 2001-2019 in Croatia and a number of European countries. Results revealed a decreasing trend in vaccination in 2001-2019 throughout Europe. However, Croatia and Hungary still have the highest primary and revaccination coverage, compared to other analyzed countries. The highest number of measles cases was in 2017 in Romania. There was no significant correlation between the percentage of primary vaccination and the number of measles cases (r = -0.0528, p = 0.672), but there was a significant negative correlation between the percentage of revaccination and the number of measles cases (r = -0.445, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the results of the present study emphasize the necessity to perform a full protocol of vaccination to reach appropriate protection from potential epidemic outbreaks. Furthermore, in the light of present migrations, documenting the migrants' flow and facilitating vaccination as needed is of utmost importance to prevent future epidemics.

Vaccination coverage rates and attitudes towards mandatory vaccinations among healthcare personnel in tertiary-care hospitals in Greece.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to estimate vaccination and susceptibility rates against vaccine-preventable diseases among healthcare personnel (HCP) in eight hospitals. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey. RESULTS: A total of 1284 HCP participated (physicians: 31.3%, nursing personnel: 36.6%, paramedical personnel: 11.1%, administrative personnel: 13.2%, supportive personnel: 7.3%). Vaccination rates were 32.9% against measles and mumps, 38.1% against rubella, 5.7% against varicella, 9.2% against hepatitis A, 65.8% against hepatitis B, 31.8% against tetanus-diphtheria, 7.1% against pertussis, 60.2% against influenza, and 80.1% against COVID-19. Susceptibility rates were as follows: 27.8% for measles, 39.6% for mumps, 33.4% for rubella, 22.2% for varicella, 86.3% for hepatitis A, 34.2% for hepatitis B, 68.2% for tetanus-diphtheria, and 92.9% for pertussis. Older HCP had higher susceptibility rates against mumps, rubella, varicella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, tetanus-diphtheria, and pertussis (p-values <0.001 for all). Mandatory vaccinations were supported by 81.85% of HCP. CONCLUSIONS: Although most HCPs supported mandatory vaccinations, significant vaccination gaps, and susceptibility rates were recorded. The proportion of susceptible HCP to measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella has increased in the past decade, mostly because of reduction in acquired cases of natural illness. Vaccination programs for HCP should be developed. A national registry to follow HCP's vaccination rates is urgently needed.

Mumps to COVID-19: Vaccinated persons remain vulnerable when community uptake is low.

Vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first became available in the United States and Europe outside clinical trials in December 2020, when administration began in high-priority populations such as healthcare workers and long-term care residents. [1] Since that time, global rollout progresses with wide variation in vaccination rates by country. [2] Depending upon product and SARS-CoV-2 variant, vaccine efficacies against infection range from approximately 70 to well over 90%, higher against severe disease. Well-resourced settings are starting to focus on booster doses among high risk persons, and locations with higher vaccination rates appear to have less COVID-19 patient and community impact. Yet, in every setting, primary vaccination to as many persons as possible remains incredibly important to effective pandemic risk management. Why this is the case, why even in settings with comparatively high vaccination rates and boosting we still should make the case that more primary vaccination matters can be answered by remembering mumps, and applying those lessons to promoting vaccine access.